Capítulo 1: Alcances

Capítulo 2:Consideraciones de Diseño

Capítulo 3:Propiedades del Hormigón Proyectado – Shotcrete

Capítulo 4:Materiales Constituyentes

Capítulo 5:Diseño de la Mezcla

Capítulo 6:Máquinas y Equipos para Shotcrete

Capítulo 7:Dosificación, Mezclado y Transporte

Capítulo 8:Aplicación del Hormigón Proyectado

Capítulo 9:Requisitos de Calidad y Desempeño

Capítulo 10:Métodos de Ensayo

Capítulo 11:Clases de Resistencia Temprana

Capítulo 12:Salud y Seguridad

Capítulo 13:ACI 506 y la Evaluación del Grado de Testigos

Capítulo 14: Referencias y Bibliografía

Anexo A:Pruebas de Compatibilidad de Materiales Constituyentes del Shotcrete

Anexo B:Ejemplo de Plan de Inspección y Calidad sugerido para Túneles Mineros

Capítulo 14: Referencias y Bibliografía

Capítulo 14

Referencias y Bibliografía

14.1 Referencias

  1. Yoggy, G. “The History of Shotcrete”, Shotcrete, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2000, pp 28-29.
  2. Terzaghi, K.“Rock defects and loads in tunnel supports” Rock Tunnelling with Steel Supports, R.V. Proctor & T.L. White (eds) The Commercial Shearing and Stamping Co. Youngstown, Ohio, pp 17–99, 1946.
  3. Barrett, S. & McCreath, D.R. “Shotcrete Support Design in Blocky Ground – Towards a Deterministic Approach” Tunnels and Deep Space, 10(1), pp 79–88, 1995.
  4. AFTES Recommendation for the Design of Sprayed Concrete in Underground Support, Association Francaise des Tunnels et de l’Espace Souterrain, 2000.
  5. ICE Design and Practice Guides: Sprayed Concrete Linings (NATM) for Tunnels in Soft Ground, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, 1996.
  6. American Concrete Institute Special Publication Number 57, Refractory Concrete, 314pp, ACI Farmington Hills, USA, 1978.
  7. RILEM TC 162-TDF, “Test and design methods for steel fibre reinforced concrete”, Materials & Structures, Vol. 36, Oct 2003, pp560-567.
  8. John, M. & Mattle, B., “Shotcrete Lining Design: Factors of Influence”, RETC Proceedings, pp726-734, 2003.
  9. Hoek, E., Carranza-Torres, C., Diederichs, M., and Corkum, B., “Integration of geotechnical and structural design in tunneling”, Proceedings University of Minnesota 56th Annual Geotechnical Engineering Conference, Minneapolis, 29 Feb 2008, pp1-53.
  10. British Tunnelling Society, Specification for Tunnelling, Third Edition, pp200, Thomas Telford, London, 2010.
  11. Windsor, CR “Shotcrete Rock Support in Australian Mines: Curing and Thickness”, Surface Support in Mining, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, 2004.
  12. Grimstad, E. & Barton, N. “Updating the Q System for NMT” in Proceedings of International Symposium on Sprayed Concrete. Fagernes, Norway, pp 21, 1993.
  13. Bieniawski, Z.T. “Engineering Classification of jointed rock masses” in Transactions of the South African institution of Civil Engineers 15, pp 335–344, 1973.
  14. Brady,B.H.G.andBrownE.T.RockMechanicsforUnderground Mining London. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
  15. Barton, N., Lien, R. and Lunde, J. “Engineering classification of rock masses for design of tunnel support” in Rock Mechanics, 6(4), pp 189–236, 1974.
  16. Milne, D., Hadjigeorgiou, J. and Pakalnis, R. “Rock Mass Characterization for Underground Hard Rock Mines” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp 393–391,1998.
  17. ASTM Standard Test Method C-1550, “Flexural Toughness of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Centrally Loaded Round Panel)” ASTM International, USA.
  18. EN 14488 Testing Sprayed Concrete, European Standard (Euronorm) European Committee for Standardisation.
  19. Bernard, E.S. “Behaviour of round steel fibre reinforced concrete panels under point loads”, Materials and Structures, RILEM, Vol 33, pp 181–188, April 2000.
  20. Bernard, E.S. “Creep of cracked fibre-reinforced shotcrete panels”, Shotcrete: More Engineering Developments, Bernard (ed.), pp 47–58, Taylor & Francis, London, 2004.
  21. McKay, J. & Trottier, J-F. “Post-crack creep behaviour of steel and synthetic FRC under flexural loading”, Shotcrete: More Engineering Developments, Bernard (ed.), pp 183–192, Taylor & Francis, London, 2004.
  22. Neville,A.M.PropertiesofConcrete,Longman,London,2002.
  23. Beaupre, D., Jolin, M., Pigeon, M., and Lacombe, P. “Recent developments in the field of shotcrete: the Quebec Experience”, Shotcrete: Engineering Developments, Balkema, The Netherlands, 2001.
  24. ACI CT-13, ACI Concrete Terminology, American Concrete Institute, USA.
  25. Clements, M.J.K, Jenkins, P.A., and Malmgren, L. “Hydroscaling – An overview of a young technology”, Shotcrete: More Engineering Developments, Bernard (ed.), pp 89-–96, Taylor & Francis, London, 2004.
  26. Bernard,E.S.“Early-ageloadresistanceoffibrereinforced shotcrete linings”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 23, pp451- 460, 2008.
  27. ACI 547R Refractory Concrete, American Concrete Institute, USA.
  28. Gray, J. “Laboratory procedure for comparing pumpa-bility of concrete mixtures”, presented at the sixty-fifth annual meeting of the society, National Crushed Stone Assn., Washington, D.C., June 24-29 (1962), pp. 964-971.
  29. Beaupre, D.. Rheology of High Performance Shotcrete, Civil Engineering Department, University of British Columbia, Canada. Ph.D. Thesis, 250 pages (1994).
  30. Browne,R.D.,Bamforth,P.B.“TeststoEstablishConcrete Pumpability”, ACI Journal, Vol. 74, No. 5, May, (1977) pp. 193-207.
  31. Du, L., & Folliard, K. J. “Mechanisms of Air Entrainment in Concrete”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 35, Issue 8, August 2005, pages 1463-1471.
  32. Pigeon, M., Marchand, J., Pleau, R. “Frost Resistant Concrete”. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 339-348 (1996).
  33. Dyer, R. M. “An Investigation of Concrete Pumping Pressure and the Effects of Pressure on the Air-Void System of Concrete”, Masters Thesis, University of Washington, 223 pages (1991).
  34. Jolin,M.,&Beaupre,D.“Temporaryhighinitialaircontent wet process”. Shotcrete, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 32-34 2000.
  35. Jolin, M., Burns, D., Bissonnette, B, Gagnon, F and Bolduc, L-S. “Understanding the pumpability of concrete”, Shotcrete for Underground Support XI, Davos, Switzerland, June 8-10, 2009.
  36. ACI 506.2_95 Specification for Shotcrete, American Concrete Institute, USA.
  37. DBV 2001 Design Principles of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete for Tunnelling Works, Deutscher Beton- Verein.
  38. Sprayed Concrete Guidline, April 2013, Austrian Societey for Construction Technology.
  39. ACI 318.11- Código de Diseño de Hormigón Armado (S), American Concrete Institute, USA edición ICH.
  40. Manual del hormigón de SIKA, Edición marzo del 2010.

14.1.1 Otras bibliografías recomendadas

  • Barrett, S. & McCreath, D.R. “Shotcrete Support Design in Blocky Ground – Towards a Deterministic Approach” Tunnels and Deep Space, 10(1), pp 79–88, 1995.
  • Bernard, E.S., and Geltinger, C. “Determination of Ear­ly-Age Compressive Strength for Shotcrete”, Shotcrete Vol. 9, No, 4, 2007, pp 22–27.
  • Bernard, E.S., “Design performance requirements for fiber-reinforced shotcrete using ASTM C-1550”, Shot­crete: More Engineering Developments, Bernard (ed.), pp 67–80, Taylor & Francis, London, 2004.
  • Bernard,E.S.“Correlationsinthebehavioroffiberreinfor­ced shotcrete beam and panel specimens” Materials and Structures, RILEM, Vol 35, pp 156–164, April 2002.
  • D.S. N°594/99. Aprueba reglamento sobre condiciones sanitarias y ambientales básicas en los lugares de trabajo.
  • Guía técnica para la elaboración de un “Sistema de gestión del riesgo exposición a sílice”. SEREMI de Salud, RM.
  • Guía preventiva para los trabajadores expuestos a ruido. ISPCH.
  • Guía Nº 5 de Operación para la pequeña minería. SERNAGEOMIN.
  • Guía técnica de selección y control de equipos de protección

14.2 Bibliografía

14.2.1 Normas y Guías Internacionales

  • ACI CT-13 ACI Concrete Terminology, American Con-crete Institute, USA.
  • ACI201.2R-GuidetoDurableConcrete,AmericanConcre te Institute, Farmington Hills, USA.
  • ACI 506R Guide to Shotcrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, USA.
  • ACI 547R Refractory Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, USA.
  • ACI 506.1R-08 “Guide to fiber Reinforced Shotcrete”, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, USA.
  • ACI506.4R-94 “Guide for the Evaluation of Shotcrete”, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, USA.
  • ACI.5R-09 “Guide for Specifying Underground Shotcrete”, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, USA.
  • ACI 547R Refractory Concrete, American Concrete Institute, USA.
  • ACI 318.11- Código de Diseño de Hormigón Armado (S), American Concrete Institute, USA edición ICH.
  • DBV 2001 Design Principles of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete for Tunnelling Works, Deutscher Beton-Verein.
  • DIN 1048-5 (1991) Testing concrete; testing of hardened concrete (specimens prepared in mould), DIN.
  • AS/NZS-ISO9001 Quality Management Systems, Standards Australia.
  • AASHTO Test Method TP60, “Standard Specifications for Transportation and Methods of Sampling and Testing” AASHTO, Washington, 2006.
  • ASTM Standard Test method C-78 “Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-point Loading)”, ASTM International, USA.
  • ASTM Standard Test method C-116, “Compressive Strength of Concrete Using Portions of Beams Broken in Flexure”, ASTM International, USA.
  • ASTM Standard Guide C-295, “Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete”, ASTM International, USA.
  • ASTM Standard Test method C-531, “Linear Shrinkage and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Chemical- Resistant Mortars, Grouts, Monolithic Surfacings, and Polymer Concretes”, ASTM International, USA.
  • ASTM Standard Test method C-642 “Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete”, ASTM International, USA.
  • ASTM Standard Test method C-666, “Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing”, ASTM International, USA.
  • ASTM Standard Test method C-672, “Scaling Resistance of Concrete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing Chemicals”, ASTM International, USA.
  • ASTM Standard Practice C-1140, “Preparing and Testing Specimens from Shotcrete Test Panels”, ASTM International, USA.
  • ASTM Standard Test method C-1550, “Flexural Toughness of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Centrally Loaded Round Panel)”, ASTM International, USA.
  • ASTM Standard Test method C-1609, “Flexural Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With Third- point Loading)”, ASTM International, USA.
  • ASTM C172 Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete)”, ASTM International, USA.
  • ASTM C143 Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete)”, ASTM International, USA.
  • ASTM C138, Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete.
  • ASTM C231 Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method.
  • ASTM C1064 Standard Test Method for Temperature of Freshly Mixed Hydraulic-Cement Concrete.
  • AS1012 Methods of testing concrete, Standards Australia.
  • AS1141 Methods of sampling and testing aggregates, Standards Australia.
  • AS1379 Specification and supply of concrete, Standards Australia.
  • AS1478 Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout, Standards Australia.
  • AS2758Aggregatesandrockforengineeringpurposes, Standards Australia.
  • AS2783 Use of reinforced concrete for small swimming pools, Standards Australia.
  • AS3582 Supplementary cementitious materials for use with Portland and blended cement, Standards Australia.
  • AS3600 Concrete structures, Standards Australia.
  • AS3735 Concrete structures retaining liquids, Standards Australia.
  • AS3799 Liquid membrane-forming curing compounds for concrete, Standards Australia.
  • AS3972 Portland and blended cements, Standards Australia.
  • EN14488TestingSprayedConcrete,EuropeanStandard (Euronorm) European Committee for Standardisation.
  • EN 206-1 Hormigón. Parte 1: Especificaciones, prestaciones, producción y conformidad (Concrete Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity).
  • EN 12350 Ensayos de hormigón fresco.
  • EFNARC, European Specification for Sprayed Concrete, European Federation of National Associations of Specialist Contractors and Material Suppliers for the Construction Industry (EFNARC) 1996.
  • Swedish Standard SS 137243 Concrete testing- Hardened concrete, shotcrete and plaster-Adhesion strength (in Swedish) 1987.

14.2.2 Normas Chilenas

  • NCh148 Cemento – Terminología, clasificación y especificaciones generales.
  • NCh152 Cemento – Método de determinación del tiempo de fraguado.
  • NCh163 Áridos para Morteros y Hormigones – Requisitos Generales.
  • NCh165 Aridos para morteros y hormigones – Tamizado y determinación de la granulometría.
  • NCh170 Hormigón – Requisitos generales.
  • NCh171 Hormigón – Extracción de muestras de hormigón.
  • NCh413 Agua para fines industriales – Ensayos – Determinación del pH.
  • NCh1017 Hormigón – Confección y curado en obra de probetas para ensayos de compresión y tracción.
  • NCh1018 Hormigón – Preparación de mezclas de prueba en laboratorio.
  • NCh1019 Hormigón – Determinación de la do-cilidad – Método del asentamiento del cono de Abrams.
  • NCh1037 Hormigón – Ensayo de compresión de probetas cúbicas y cilíndricas.
  • NCh1328 Áridos para Morteros y Hormigones – Determinación de la desintegración – Método de los Sulfatos.
  • NCh1441 Áridos para morteros y hormigones – Determinación de sales – Parte 1: Determinación de cloruros y sulfatos
  • NCh1498 Hormigón – Agua de amasado – Requisitos generales.
  • NCh1564 Hormigón – Determinación de la densidad aparente, del rendimiento, del contenido de cemento y del contenido de aire del hormigón fresco.
  • N C h 2 1 8 2 Hormigón y mortero Aditivos  Clasificación y Requisitos.
  • NCh 2183 Hormigón y mortero – Método de ensayo – Determinación del tiempo de fraguado.
  • NCh2184 Hormigón y mortero – Método de ensayo – Determinación del contenido de aire.
  • NCh2262 Hormigón y mortero – Método de ensayo

– Determinación de la impermeabilidad del agua

– Método de la penetración de agua bajo presión.

  • NCh-2190 Transporte de sustancias peligrosas y sus pictogramas.
  • NCh-1411 Prevención de Riesgos.

14.2.3 Links de Interés

  • ICH: www.ich.cl
  • ICH: www.shotrcrete.cl
  • ACI: www.concrete.org
  • ASTM: www.astm.org
  • ASA: www.shotcrete.org
  • Standards Australia: www.standard.org.au
  • EFNARC: www.efnarc.org
  • OBV: www.bautechnik.pro
  • www.ispch.cl
  • http://web.minsal.cl/portal/url/item/7d35c3dc­76610f33e04001011e015333.pdf
  • http://web.minsal.cl/sites/default/files/files/protocolo_ vigilancia_expuestos_a_ruido_minsal.pdf
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